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Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī ((ペルシア語:محمد زکریای رازی) ''Mohammad-e Zakaryā-ye Rāzi'', also known by his Latinized name Rhazes or Rasis) (854 CE – 925 CE), was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher and important figure in the history of medicine. A comprehensive thinker, Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to various fields of science, which he recorded in over 200 manuscripts, and is particularly remembered for numerous advances in medicine through his observations and discoveries.〔Hakeem Abdul Hameed, (Exchanges between India and Central Asia in the field of Medicine )〕 An early proponent of experimental medicine, he became a successful doctor; he was appointed a court physician, and served as chief physician of Baghdad and Rey hospitals.〔〔Influence of Islam on World Civilization" by Prof. Z. Ahmed, p. 127.〕 He was among the first to use humorism to distinguish one contagious disease from another and has been described as a doctor's doctor,〔Ganchy, Sally. ''Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology''. New York: Rosen Pub., 2008.〕 the father of pediatrics,〔David W. Tschanz, PhD (2003), "Arab(?) Roots of European Medicine", ''Heart Views'' 4 (2).〕 and a pioneer of ophthalmology. As a practicing physician, Razi wrote a pioneering book about smallpox and measles providing clinical characterization of the diseases.〔"Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set", by Madeleine Pelner Cosman, Linda Gale Jones, page = 52, isbn=9781438109077, publisher = Infobase Publishing〕 Through translation, his medical works and ideas became known among medieval European practitioners and profoundly influenced medical education in the Latin West.〔 Some volumes of his work ''Al-Mansuri'', namely "On Surgery" and "A General Book on Therapy", became part of the medical curriculum in Western universities.〔 As a teacher of medicine, he attracted students of all backgrounds and interests and was said to be compassionate and devoted to the service of his patients, whether rich or poor.〔Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, Fuat Sezgin, Māzin ʻAmāwī, Carl Ehrig-Eggert, and E. Neubauer. ''Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyāʼ ar-Rāzī (d. 313/925): texts and studies''. Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 1999.〕 Edward Granville Browne considers him as "probably the greatest and most original of all the physicians, and one of the most prolific as an author". ==Biography== Razi was born in the city of Rey situated on the Great Silk Road that for centuries facilitated trade and cultural exchanges between East and West.〔Richter-Bernburg〕 His name ''Razi'' in Persian means "from the city of Rey", an ancient town called Ragha in old Persian or Ragâ in old Bactrian.〔 (See also the following excerpt: "the question of the identification of Avestan Raya with the Raga in the inscription of Darius I at Bīsotūn () with Ray() has by no means been settled".)〕 It is located on the southern slopes of the Alborz Range situated near Tehran, Iran. In his youth, Razi moved to Baghdad where he studied and practiced at the local bimaristan (hospital). Later, he was invited back to Rey by Mansur ibn Ishaq, then the governor of Rey, and became a bimaristan's head. He dedicated two books on medicine to al-Mansur, ''The Spiritual Physic'' and ''Al-Mansūrī on Medicine''.〔 Because of his newly acquired popularity as physician, Razi was invited to Baghdad where he assumed the responsibilities of a director in a new hospital named after its founder al-Muʿtaḍid (d. 902 CE).〔 He spent the last years of his life in his native Rey suffering from glaucoma. His eye affliction started with cataracts and ended in total blindness.〔Magner, Lois N. ''A History of Medicine''. New York: M. Dekker, 1992, p. 140.〕 The cause of his blindness is uncertain. One account attributed the cause to a blow to his head by his patron, al-Mansour; while Abulfaraj and Casiri claimed that the cause was a diet of beans only.〔Pococke, E. ''Historia Compendosia Dynastiarum''. Oxford, 1663, p. 291.〕 Another source attributed the cause of his blindness to a beating presumably ordered by a mullah who was offended by his work, Kitab al-Hawi; currently, Razi is described by scholars as an "outspoken deist" and a "full-time freethinker".〔Bullivant, Stephen, and Michael Ruse. ''The Oxford Handbook of Atheism''. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 641.〕〔Stroumsa, Sarah. Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn al-Rawandi, Abu Bakr al- Razi and Their Impact on Islamic Thought. Leiden/Boston/Koln: Brill, 1999, p. 87.〕 The beating was administered with the manuscript of the work. Allegedly, he was approached by a physician offering an ointment to cure his blindness. Al-Razi then asked him how many layers does the eye contain and when he was unable to receive an answer, he declined the treatment stating "my eyes will not be treated by one who does not know the basics of its anatomy". The lectures of Razi attracted many students. As Ibn al-Nadim relates in ''Fihrist'', Razi was considered a ''shaikh'', an honorary title given to one entitled to teach and surrounded by several circles of students. When someone raised a question, it was passed on to students of the 'first circle'; if they did not know the answer, it was passed on to those of the 'second circle', and so on. When all students would fail to answer, Razi himself would consider the query. Razi was a generous person by nature, with a considerate attitude towards his patients. He was charitable to the poor, treated them without payment in any form, and wrote for them a treatise ''Man La Yaḥḍuruhu al-Ṭabīb'', or ''Who has no Physician to Attend Him'', with medical advice.〔Porter, Roy. ''The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity''. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997, p. 97.〕 One former pupil from Tabaristan came to look after him, but as al-Biruni wrote, Razi rewarded him for his intentions and sent him back home, proclaiming that his final days were approaching.〔Kamiar, Mohammad. ''Brilliant Biruni: A Life Story of Abu Rayhan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad''. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2009.〕 According to Biruni, Razi died in Rey in 925 sixty years of age.〔Ruska, Julius. ''Al-Birūni als Quelle für das Leben und die Schriften al-Rāzi's''. Bruxelles: Weissenbruch, 1922.〕 Biruni, who considered Razi as his mentor, among the first penned a short biography of Razi including a bibliography of his numerous works.〔 After his death, his fame spread beyond the Middle East to Medieval Europe, and lived on. In an undated catalog of the library at Peterborough Abbey, most likely from the 14th century, Razi is listed as a part author of ten books on medicine.〔Gunton, Simon. The History of the Church of Peterborough. London, Richard Chiswell, publisher, 1686. Facsimile edition published by Clay, Tyas, and Watkins in Peterborough and Stamford (1990). Item Fv. on pp. 187–8.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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